Collective Investment Trusts
Global Equity CIT
Investment Objective
To capture investment opportunities in U.S. and non-U.S. equities, including those from both developed and emerging countries.
Investment Strategy
This fund is managed using a bottom-up, opportunistic, core approach with top-down input. At least 90% of the portfolio is invested in equities, with a general range of 30% - 70% expected to be invested in securities of companies that are domiciled outside of the U.S. Holdings are selected security-by-security and consist of ordinary (local) shares, in addition to American Depository Receipts (ADRs). This portfolio may be diversified across investment styles, sectors, regions, and market capitalizations.
May be Appropriate for Investors
- Seeking a long-term (15 years or more) investment and who are willing to accept potentially significant fluctuations in value (very high capital risk tolerance)
- Seeking to add diversification to their retirement portfolio by adding a global equity component
Daily Price
$28.68
Daily $ Change
$0.03
Daily % Change
0.10%
as of 07/21/2025
CUSIP
302027180
Inception Date
01/21/2014
Investment Minimum
$1,000,000.00
The fund is available only for use within certain qualified employee benefit plans.
Important Documents
| Applications & Forms | |
| Fact Sheet | |
| Annual Report |
YTD
9.13%
1 Year
14.07%
3 Year
14.68%
5 Year
11.84%
10 Year
10.62%
Inception
(05/01/2006)
7.85%
Performance data quoted represents past performance and does not guarantee future results. Performance for periods greater than one year is annualized. Your investment may fluctuate in value and there is a potential for loss as well as profit.
Performance through the inception date of the Global Equity CIT Class I units is based on the historical performance of the CIT's oldest unit class. Performance through the inception date of the oldest unit class (11/16/2012) is not the past performance of the Global Equity CIT Fund and is based on historical performance data for the Manning & Napier Global Equity Composite, which is a weighted average of discretionary separately managed accounts that are managed by Manning & Napier Advisors, LLC with a Global Equity objective. Returns are net of the Class I expenses.
Expense Ratio
| Gross | 0.75% |
| Net | 0.75%* |
*Reflects the Trustee's contractual agreement to limit fees and voluntary agreement to reimburse certain expenses.
| NVIDIA CORP | 3.33% |
| AMAZON COM INC | 3.09% |
| MICROSOFT CORP | 2.65% |
| SERVICENOW INC | 2.59% |
| DEUTSCHE POST AG NPV(REGD) | 2.49% |
| MASTERCARD INCORPORATED CL A | 2.42% |
| TAIWAN SEMICONDUCTOR MFG LTD | 2.14% |
| META PLATFORMS INC CL A | 2.14% |
| VISA INC | 2.12% |
| HERMES INTERNATIONAL S.C.A. | 2.07% |
Top Ten Investments list is unaudited and excludes cash.
| United States | 55.93% | |
| United Kingdom | 11.64% | |
| Germany | 5.35% | |
| France | 5.26% | |
| Canada | 2.81% | |
| Switzerland | 2.79% | |
| Taiwan | 2.14% | |
| China | 2.09% | |
| Italy | 1.85% | |
| Chile | 1.65% | |
| India | 1.57% | |
| Australia | 1.41% | |
| Cayman Islands | 1.10% | |
| Uruguay | 1.09% | |
| Japan | 1.04% | |
| Brazil | 1.02% | |
| Ireland | 0.76% | |
| Sweden | 0.52% |
| Information Technology | 23.41% | |
| Financials | 19.65% | |
| Industrials | 16.84% | |
| Consumer Discretionary | 12.45% | |
| Health Care | 10.67% | |
| Communication Services | 6.21% | |
| Materials | 4.73% | |
| Real Estate | 2.52% | |
| Consumer Staples | 2.49% | |
| Utilities | 1.02% |
The Global Industry Classification Standard (GICS) was developed by and is the exclusive property and a service mark of MSCI Inc. (MSCI) and Standard & Poor’s, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (S&P) and is licensed for use by Manning & Napier when referencing GICS sectors. Nether MSCI, S&P nor any third party involved in making or compiling the GICS or any GICS classifications makes any express or implied warranties or representations with respect to such standard or classification nor shall any such party have any liability therefrom.
| Security Description | Country | Ticker | Shares/Par | Market Value (USD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ADMIRAL GROUP | GB | 65,219 | $2,922,492.41 | |
| AIR LIQUIDE | FR | 18,625 | $3,829,078.16 | |
| ALPHABET INC CAP STK CL A | US | GOOGL | 22,236 | $3,918,650.28 |
| AMAZON COM INC | US | AMZN | 27,228 | $5,973,550.92 |
| AMPHENOL CORP NEW | US | APH | 21,063 | $2,079,971.25 |
| ANTA SPORTS PRODUCTS | HK | 175,800 | $2,116,318.47 | |
| ASTRAZENECA PLC | US | AZN | 54,150 | $3,784,002.00 |
| ATLASSIAN CORPORATION CL A | US | TEAM | 7,466 | $1,516,269.94 |
| AUTO TRADER GROUP ORD GBP1.50 | GB | 179,637 | $2,029,388.90 | |
| AVANZA BANK HLDG NPV | SE | 29,712 | $999,815.16 | |
| BAE SYSTEMS ORD GBP0.025 | GB | 75,000 | $1,938,873.96 | |
| BELLWAY GBP0.125 | GB | 30,709 | $1,213,647.13 | |
| BLACKROCK INC COM | US | BLK | 2,352 | $2,467,836.00 |
| CADENCE DESIGN SYSTEM INC | US | CDNS | 8,402 | $2,589,076.30 |
| CANADIAN NATL RY CO | CA | CNI | 18,955 | $1,972,078.20 |
| CANADIAN PACIFIC KANSAS CITY COM | CA | CP | 18,167 | $1,440,098.09 |
| CBRE GROUP INC | US | CBRE | 22,204 | $3,111,224.48 |
| CDW CORP COM | US | CDW | 8,883 | $1,586,414.97 |
| CHIPOTLE MEXICAN GRILL INC | US | CMG | 56,901 | $3,194,991.15 |
| CLEARWATER ANALYTICS HLDGS I | US | CWAN | 92,561 | $2,029,862.73 |
| COCA COLA CO | US | KO | 34,871 | $2,467,123.25 |
| COMPANHIA DE SANEAMENTO BASI | US | SBS | 90,015 | $1,977,629.55 |
| COPART INC | US | CPRT | 21,097 | $1,035,229.79 |
| CSX CORP | US | CSX | 39,286 | $1,281,902.18 |
| DEUTSCHE BOERSE AG NPV(REGD) | DE | 9,434 | $3,066,418.54 | |
| DEUTSCHE POST AG NPV(REGD) | DE | 104,446 | $4,807,300.37 | |
| EXPERIAN ORD USD0.10 | GB | 28,442 | $1,462,360.56 | |
| EXTRA SPACE STORAGE INC | US | EXR | 11,948 | $1,761,613.12 |
| FERRARI N V COM | US | RACE | 5,286 | $2,594,051.64 |
| FINECOBANK SPA EUR0.33 | IT | 44,752 | $989,442.77 | |
| FISERV INC | US | FI | 14,631 | $2,522,530.71 |
| HALMA ORD GBP0.10 | GB | 55,333 | $2,426,418.45 | |
| HDFC BANK LTD | US | HDB | 39,553 | $3,032,528.51 |
| HEICO CORP NEW | US | HEI A | 8,259 | $2,137,016.25 |
| HERMES INTERNATIONAL S.C.A. | FR | 1,481 | $3,996,746.78 | |
| INFINEON TECHNOLOGY | DE | 58,173 | $2,466,162.48 | |
| INTERCONTINENTAL EXCHANGE INC COM | US | ICE | 5,474 | $1,004,314.78 |
| INTERMED CAP GRP ORD GBP0.2625 | GB | 56,061 | $1,481,151.13 | |
| INTUITIVE SURGICAL INC | US | ISRG | 3,957 | $2,150,273.37 |
| J P MORGAN CHASE AND CO | US | JPM | 6,579 | $1,907,317.89 |
| KEYENCE CORP | JP | 5,000 | $2,002,146.15 | |
| L'OREAL | FR | 5,510 | $2,348,499.39 | |
| L3HARRIS TECHNOLOGIES INC COM | US | LHX | 13,809 | $3,463,849.56 |
| LONZA GROUP AG CHF1(REGD) | CH | 4,253 | $3,018,775.13 | |
| MASTERCARD INCORPORATED CL A | US | MA | 8,311 | $4,670,283.34 |
| MERCADOLIBRE INC | US | MELI | 806 | $2,106,585.78 |
| META PLATFORMS INC CL A | US | META | 5,598 | $4,131,827.82 |
| MICROSOFT CORP | US | MSFT | 10,295 | $5,120,835.95 |
| MOODYS CORP | US | MCO | 5,174 | $2,595,226.66 |
| MSCI INC | US | MSCI | 1,795 | $1,035,248.30 |
| NASDAQ STOCK MARKET INC | US | NDAQ | 11,361 | $1,015,900.62 |
| NORFOLK SOUTHERN CORP | US | NSC | 5,050 | $1,292,648.50 |
| NU HLDGS LTD | US | NU | 154,798 | $2,123,828.56 |
| NVIDIA CORP | US | NVDA | 40,701 | $6,430,350.99 |
| PERSIMMON ORD GBP0.10 | GB | 79,350 | $1,409,235.05 | |
| PILBARA MINERALS L NPV | AU | 1,378,927 | $1,206,412.55 | |
| ROCHE HLDGS AG GENUSSCHEINE NPV | CH | 7,295 | $2,368,125.63 | |
| ROLLINS INC | US | ROL | 26,145 | $1,475,100.90 |
| S AND P GLOBAL INC | US | SPGI | 3,898 | $2,055,376.42 |
| SALESFORCE INC COM | US | CRM | 5,518 | $1,504,703.42 |
| SERVICENOW INC | US | NOW | 4,869 | $5,005,721.52 |
| SHERWIN WILLIAMS CO | US | SHW | 6,122 | $2,102,049.92 |
| SOCIEDAD QUIMICA MINERA DE C | US | SQM | 90,215 | $3,181,883.05 |
| SOFTCAT PLC ORD GBP0.0005 | GB | 59,600 | $1,402,323.01 | |
| SPIRAX-SARCO ENG ORD GBP0.269230769 | GB | 29,895 | $2,439,561.82 | |
| SYNOPSYS INC | US | SNPS | 4,070 | $2,086,607.60 |
| TAIWAN SEMICONDUCTOR MFG LTD | US | TSM | 18,250 | $4,133,442.50 |
| TAYLOR WIMPEY ORD GBP0.01 | GB | 899,299 | $1,463,420.83 | |
| TENCENT HLDGS LIMI HKD0.00002 | HK | 30,000 | $1,922,292.99 | |
| THERMO FISHER SCIENTIFIC INC COM | US | TMO | 5,740 | $2,327,340.40 |
| TRANSUNION | US | TRU | 37,622 | $3,310,736.00 |
| UNION PAC CORP | US | UNP | 5,738 | $1,320,199.04 |
| UNITEDHEALTH GROUP INC | US | UNH | 9,939 | $3,100,669.83 |
| US DOLLARS | US | USD | 7,188,603.99 | $7,188,603.99 |
| VERTEX PHARMACEUTICALS INC | US | VRTX | 5,469 | $2,434,798.80 |
| VISA INC | US | V | 11,549 | $4,100,472.45 |
| WEST FRASER TIMBER COM NPV | CA | 27,512 | $2,013,446.92 | |
| WORKDAY INC | US | WDAY | 11,993 | $2,878,320.00 |
| ZOETIS INC | US | ZTS | 9,312 | $1,452,206.40 |
Investments will change over time.
A Word About Risk
All investments involve risks, including possible loss of principal. Funds whose investments are concentrated in foreign countries may be subject to fluctuating currency values, different accounting standards, and economic and political instability. The value of the fund may be affected by changes in exchange rates between foreign currencies and the U.S. dollar. Investments in emerging markets may be more volatile than investments in more developed markets.
About The Fund Manager
Manning & Napier Advisors, LLC (Manning & Napier) provides investment advisory services to Exeter Trust Company, Trustee of the Manning & Napier Collective Investment Trust Funds. Manning & Napier is headquartered in Rochester, NY and has more than 50 years of experience managing investment objectives. The Firm’s active management approach focuses on participating in rising markets and, as important, helping to reduce the risk of large losses in sustained bear market periods. A team of investment analysts and professionals make all investment decisions in an effort to provide investors with strong risk-adjusted returns.
Daily Price
$28.68
Daily $ Change
$0.03
Daily % Change
0.10%
as of 07/21/2025
CUSIP
302027180
Inception Date
01/21/2014
Investment Minimum
$1,000,000.00
The fund is available only for use within certain qualified employee benefit plans.
Important Documents
| Applications & Forms | |
| Fact Sheet | |
| Annual Report |
Investment Objective
To capture investment opportunities in U.S. and non-U.S. equities, including those from both developed and emerging countries.
Investment Strategy
This fund is managed using a bottom-up, opportunistic, core approach with top-down input. At least 90% of the portfolio is invested in equities, with a general range of 30% - 70% expected to be invested in securities of companies that are domiciled outside of the U.S. Holdings are selected security-by-security and consist of ordinary (local) shares, in addition to American Depository Receipts (ADRs). This portfolio may be diversified across investment styles, sectors, regions, and market capitalizations.
May be Appropriate for Investors
- Seeking a long-term (15 years or more) investment and who are willing to accept potentially significant fluctuations in value (very high capital risk tolerance)
- Seeking to add diversification to their retirement portfolio by adding a global equity component
YTD
9.13%
1 Year
14.07%
3 Year
14.68%
5 Year
11.84%
10 Year
10.62%
Inception
(05/01/2006)
7.85%
Performance data quoted represents past performance and does not guarantee future results. Performance for periods greater than one year is annualized. Your investment may fluctuate in value and there is a potential for loss as well as profit.
Performance through the inception date of the Global Equity CIT Class I units is based on the historical performance of the CIT's oldest unit class. Performance through the inception date of the oldest unit class (11/16/2012) is not the past performance of the Global Equity CIT Fund and is based on historical performance data for the Manning & Napier Global Equity Composite, which is a weighted average of discretionary separately managed accounts that are managed by Manning & Napier Advisors, LLC with a Global Equity objective. Returns are net of the Class I expenses.
Expense Ratio
| Gross | 0.75% |
| Net | 0.75%* |
*Reflects the Trustee's contractual agreement to limit fees and voluntary agreement to reimburse certain expenses.
| NVIDIA CORP | 3.33% |
| AMAZON COM INC | 3.09% |
| MICROSOFT CORP | 2.65% |
| SERVICENOW INC | 2.59% |
| DEUTSCHE POST AG NPV(REGD) | 2.49% |
| MASTERCARD INCORPORATED CL A | 2.42% |
| TAIWAN SEMICONDUCTOR MFG LTD | 2.14% |
| META PLATFORMS INC CL A | 2.14% |
| VISA INC | 2.12% |
| HERMES INTERNATIONAL S.C.A. | 2.07% |
Top Ten Investments list is unaudited and excludes cash.
| United States | 55.93% | |
| United Kingdom | 11.64% | |
| Germany | 5.35% | |
| France | 5.26% | |
| Canada | 2.81% | |
| Switzerland | 2.79% | |
| Taiwan | 2.14% | |
| China | 2.09% | |
| Italy | 1.85% | |
| Chile | 1.65% | |
| India | 1.57% | |
| Australia | 1.41% | |
| Cayman Islands | 1.10% | |
| Uruguay | 1.09% | |
| Japan | 1.04% | |
| Brazil | 1.02% | |
| Ireland | 0.76% | |
| Sweden | 0.52% |
| Information Technology | 23.41% | |
| Financials | 19.65% | |
| Industrials | 16.84% | |
| Consumer Discretionary | 12.45% | |
| Health Care | 10.67% | |
| Communication Services | 6.21% | |
| Materials | 4.73% | |
| Real Estate | 2.52% | |
| Consumer Staples | 2.49% | |
| Utilities | 1.02% |
The Global Industry Classification Standard (GICS) was developed by and is the exclusive property and a service mark of MSCI Inc. (MSCI) and Standard & Poor’s, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (S&P) and is licensed for use by Manning & Napier when referencing GICS sectors. Nether MSCI, S&P nor any third party involved in making or compiling the GICS or any GICS classifications makes any express or implied warranties or representations with respect to such standard or classification nor shall any such party have any liability therefrom.
| Security Description | Country | Ticker | Shares/Par | Market Value (USD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ADMIRAL GROUP | GB | 65,219 | $2,922,492.41 | |
| AIR LIQUIDE | FR | 18,625 | $3,829,078.16 | |
| ALPHABET INC CAP STK CL A | US | GOOGL | 22,236 | $3,918,650.28 |
| AMAZON COM INC | US | AMZN | 27,228 | $5,973,550.92 |
| AMPHENOL CORP NEW | US | APH | 21,063 | $2,079,971.25 |
| ANTA SPORTS PRODUCTS | HK | 175,800 | $2,116,318.47 | |
| ASTRAZENECA PLC | US | AZN | 54,150 | $3,784,002.00 |
| ATLASSIAN CORPORATION CL A | US | TEAM | 7,466 | $1,516,269.94 |
| AUTO TRADER GROUP ORD GBP1.50 | GB | 179,637 | $2,029,388.90 | |
| AVANZA BANK HLDG NPV | SE | 29,712 | $999,815.16 | |
| BAE SYSTEMS ORD GBP0.025 | GB | 75,000 | $1,938,873.96 | |
| BELLWAY GBP0.125 | GB | 30,709 | $1,213,647.13 | |
| BLACKROCK INC COM | US | BLK | 2,352 | $2,467,836.00 |
| CADENCE DESIGN SYSTEM INC | US | CDNS | 8,402 | $2,589,076.30 |
| CANADIAN NATL RY CO | CA | CNI | 18,955 | $1,972,078.20 |
| CANADIAN PACIFIC KANSAS CITY COM | CA | CP | 18,167 | $1,440,098.09 |
| CBRE GROUP INC | US | CBRE | 22,204 | $3,111,224.48 |
| CDW CORP COM | US | CDW | 8,883 | $1,586,414.97 |
| CHIPOTLE MEXICAN GRILL INC | US | CMG | 56,901 | $3,194,991.15 |
| CLEARWATER ANALYTICS HLDGS I | US | CWAN | 92,561 | $2,029,862.73 |
| COCA COLA CO | US | KO | 34,871 | $2,467,123.25 |
| COMPANHIA DE SANEAMENTO BASI | US | SBS | 90,015 | $1,977,629.55 |
| COPART INC | US | CPRT | 21,097 | $1,035,229.79 |
| CSX CORP | US | CSX | 39,286 | $1,281,902.18 |
| DEUTSCHE BOERSE AG NPV(REGD) | DE | 9,434 | $3,066,418.54 | |
| DEUTSCHE POST AG NPV(REGD) | DE | 104,446 | $4,807,300.37 | |
| EXPERIAN ORD USD0.10 | GB | 28,442 | $1,462,360.56 | |
| EXTRA SPACE STORAGE INC | US | EXR | 11,948 | $1,761,613.12 |
| FERRARI N V COM | US | RACE | 5,286 | $2,594,051.64 |
| FINECOBANK SPA EUR0.33 | IT | 44,752 | $989,442.77 | |
| FISERV INC | US | FI | 14,631 | $2,522,530.71 |
| HALMA ORD GBP0.10 | GB | 55,333 | $2,426,418.45 | |
| HDFC BANK LTD | US | HDB | 39,553 | $3,032,528.51 |
| HEICO CORP NEW | US | HEI A | 8,259 | $2,137,016.25 |
| HERMES INTERNATIONAL S.C.A. | FR | 1,481 | $3,996,746.78 | |
| INFINEON TECHNOLOGY | DE | 58,173 | $2,466,162.48 | |
| INTERCONTINENTAL EXCHANGE INC COM | US | ICE | 5,474 | $1,004,314.78 |
| INTERMED CAP GRP ORD GBP0.2625 | GB | 56,061 | $1,481,151.13 | |
| INTUITIVE SURGICAL INC | US | ISRG | 3,957 | $2,150,273.37 |
| J P MORGAN CHASE AND CO | US | JPM | 6,579 | $1,907,317.89 |
| KEYENCE CORP | JP | 5,000 | $2,002,146.15 | |
| L'OREAL | FR | 5,510 | $2,348,499.39 | |
| L3HARRIS TECHNOLOGIES INC COM | US | LHX | 13,809 | $3,463,849.56 |
| LONZA GROUP AG CHF1(REGD) | CH | 4,253 | $3,018,775.13 | |
| MASTERCARD INCORPORATED CL A | US | MA | 8,311 | $4,670,283.34 |
| MERCADOLIBRE INC | US | MELI | 806 | $2,106,585.78 |
| META PLATFORMS INC CL A | US | META | 5,598 | $4,131,827.82 |
| MICROSOFT CORP | US | MSFT | 10,295 | $5,120,835.95 |
| MOODYS CORP | US | MCO | 5,174 | $2,595,226.66 |
| MSCI INC | US | MSCI | 1,795 | $1,035,248.30 |
| NASDAQ STOCK MARKET INC | US | NDAQ | 11,361 | $1,015,900.62 |
| NORFOLK SOUTHERN CORP | US | NSC | 5,050 | $1,292,648.50 |
| NU HLDGS LTD | US | NU | 154,798 | $2,123,828.56 |
| NVIDIA CORP | US | NVDA | 40,701 | $6,430,350.99 |
| PERSIMMON ORD GBP0.10 | GB | 79,350 | $1,409,235.05 | |
| PILBARA MINERALS L NPV | AU | 1,378,927 | $1,206,412.55 | |
| ROCHE HLDGS AG GENUSSCHEINE NPV | CH | 7,295 | $2,368,125.63 | |
| ROLLINS INC | US | ROL | 26,145 | $1,475,100.90 |
| S AND P GLOBAL INC | US | SPGI | 3,898 | $2,055,376.42 |
| SALESFORCE INC COM | US | CRM | 5,518 | $1,504,703.42 |
| SERVICENOW INC | US | NOW | 4,869 | $5,005,721.52 |
| SHERWIN WILLIAMS CO | US | SHW | 6,122 | $2,102,049.92 |
| SOCIEDAD QUIMICA MINERA DE C | US | SQM | 90,215 | $3,181,883.05 |
| SOFTCAT PLC ORD GBP0.0005 | GB | 59,600 | $1,402,323.01 | |
| SPIRAX-SARCO ENG ORD GBP0.269230769 | GB | 29,895 | $2,439,561.82 | |
| SYNOPSYS INC | US | SNPS | 4,070 | $2,086,607.60 |
| TAIWAN SEMICONDUCTOR MFG LTD | US | TSM | 18,250 | $4,133,442.50 |
| TAYLOR WIMPEY ORD GBP0.01 | GB | 899,299 | $1,463,420.83 | |
| TENCENT HLDGS LIMI HKD0.00002 | HK | 30,000 | $1,922,292.99 | |
| THERMO FISHER SCIENTIFIC INC COM | US | TMO | 5,740 | $2,327,340.40 |
| TRANSUNION | US | TRU | 37,622 | $3,310,736.00 |
| UNION PAC CORP | US | UNP | 5,738 | $1,320,199.04 |
| UNITEDHEALTH GROUP INC | US | UNH | 9,939 | $3,100,669.83 |
| US DOLLARS | US | USD | 7,188,603.99 | $7,188,603.99 |
| VERTEX PHARMACEUTICALS INC | US | VRTX | 5,469 | $2,434,798.80 |
| VISA INC | US | V | 11,549 | $4,100,472.45 |
| WEST FRASER TIMBER COM NPV | CA | 27,512 | $2,013,446.92 | |
| WORKDAY INC | US | WDAY | 11,993 | $2,878,320.00 |
| ZOETIS INC | US | ZTS | 9,312 | $1,452,206.40 |
Investments will change over time.
A Word About Risk
All investments involve risks, including possible loss of principal. Funds whose investments are concentrated in foreign countries may be subject to fluctuating currency values, different accounting standards, and economic and political instability. The value of the fund may be affected by changes in exchange rates between foreign currencies and the U.S. dollar. Investments in emerging markets may be more volatile than investments in more developed markets.
About The Fund Manager
Manning & Napier Advisors, LLC (Manning & Napier) provides investment advisory services to Exeter Trust Company, Trustee of the Manning & Napier Collective Investment Trust Funds. Manning & Napier is headquartered in Rochester, NY and has more than 50 years of experience managing investment objectives. The Firm’s active management approach focuses on participating in rising markets and, as important, helping to reduce the risk of large losses in sustained bear market periods. A team of investment analysts and professionals make all investment decisions in an effort to provide investors with strong risk-adjusted returns.